இந்தியாவில் சாதிகள் பல்கிப் பெருகியுள்ளன. . மற்ற நாட்டினர் இவை எப்படி ஏற்பட்டன என்று அறிய முற்படுவது இயற்கை . இவ் அறி ஆவலுக்குக் காரணம் அவர்கள் நாட்டில் இதுபோன்று ஏதும் இல்லை. மேலும் அங்குள்ள பகுப்புகள் அல்லது பிரிவினைகள் இந்தியாவில் உள்ளன போல் தொழிலடிப்படையில் இல்லை. அரசர்கள் தந்த பட்டப் பெயர்களின் அடிப்படையிலும் இல்லை. (வண்ணான் : தொழிலடிப்படை; பிள்ளை:அரசர் தந்த பட்டப்பெயர்) உதாரணமாக, சீனாவின் கண்டோனீஸ் அல்லது கொங்ஃபூ கிளைஇனத்தினர் கன்டோன் கிளைமொழி பேசுவர்; கன்டோன் என்னும் சீன மாநிலத்து மக்கள் ஆவர். ஹாக்கியன் கிளைமொழியாரின் வேறுபட்டவர். கிளைமொழி வேற்றுமையும் சில கலாச்சார வேற்றுமைகளும் உள்ளன. உயர்வு தாழ்வு இல்லை. ஒரே குடும்பத்தில் ஒருவன் குப்பை கூட்டலாம்; இன்னொருவன் மருத்துவத் தொழிலனாய்
இருக்கலாம். சீனர் மஞ்சள் நிறத்தினர்.
தமிழனை எடுத்துக்கொண்டால் எல்லாம் கறுப்பினம் தான்; ஆனால் நான் செட்டி ; அவன் முதலி என்கிறான் அப்படி என்றால் என்ன? இது எங்களுக்குள் உள்ள வேற்றுமை; என்கிறார்கள். நான் கொஞ்சம் "கூட"; அவர் கொஞ்சம் "குறைவு" என்கிறார்கள். You are of the same color, right? என்கிறான் சீனன்.
சில வரலாற்று ஆசிரியர்கள் இவ் வமைப்பைத் தொழிலடிப்படைச் சங்கங்கள் என்றனர்.
இதை இரத்த ஆய்வு செய்தோர், கூறுவது: பல்வேறு குடியினர் ஏறத்தாழ 4000 ஆண்டுகட்கு முன்தொடங்கி சுமார் 1900 ஆண்டுகள் வரை (இவர்கள்) மிச்சம் ஏதும் இல்லாமல் கல கல என்று கலந்துபோனவர்கள். பின்பு இப்போது தொழில் வாரியாகப் பிரிந்துவிட்டார்கள் அவ்வளவுதான் என்கின்றனர். பிரிவினை அண்மையது என்று முடித்தனர்.
Genetics Proves Indian Population Mixture
A new study indicates that population admixture in the pre-caste era occurred, shedding light on our understanding of present-day Indian populations
By DAVID CAMERON
August 8, 2013
Between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, intermarriage in India was rampant. Figure by Thangaraj
KumarasamyBetween 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, intermarriage in India was rampant. Figure by
Thangaraj KumarasamyScientists from Harvard Medical School and the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and
Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, India, provide evidence that modern-day India is the result of
recent population mixture among divergent demographic groups.The findings, published August 8 in the American Journal of Human Genetics, describe how India transformed from a country where mixture between different populations was rampant to one where endogamy—that is, marrying within the local community and a key attribute of the caste system—became the norm. “Only a few thousand years ago, the Indian population structure was vastly different from today,” said co–senior author David Reich, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School. “The caste system has been around for a long time, but not forever.”In 2009, Reich and colleagues published a paper based on an analysis of 25 different Indian population groups. The paper described how all populations in India show evidence of a genetic mixture of two ancestral groups: Ancestral North Indians (ANI), who are related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI), who are primarily from the subcontinent.However, the researchers wanted to glean clearer data as to when in history such admixture occurred. For this, the international research team broadened
their study pool from 25 to 73 Indian groups.The researchers took advantage of the fact that the
genomes of Indian people are a mosaic of chromosomal segments of ANI and ASI descent.
Originally when the ANI and ASI populations mixed, these segments would have been extremely long, extending the entire lengths of chromosomes. However, after mixture these segments would have broken up at one or two places per chromosome, per generation, recombining the maternal and paternal genetic material that occurs during the production of egg and sperm.By measuring the lengths of the segments of ANI and ASI ancestry in Indian genomes, the authors were thus able to obtain precise estimates of the age of population mixture, which they infer varied about 1,900 to 4,200 years, depending on the population analyzed.While the findings show that no groups in India are free of such mixture, the researchers did identify a geographic element. “Groups in the north tend to ave more recent dates and southern groups have older dates,” said co-first author Priya Moorjani, a graduate student in Reich’s lab at Harvard
Medical School. “This is likely because the northern groups have multiple mixtures.” “This genetic datatells us a three-part cultural and historical story,” said Reich, who is also an associate member of the Broad Institute. “Prior to about 4000 years ago there was no mixture. After that, widespread mixture affected almost every group in India, even the most isolated tribal groups. And finally, endogamy set in and froze everything in place.”The fact that every population in India evolved
from randomly mixed populations suggests that social classifications like the caste system are
not likely to have existed in the same way before the mixture,” said co–senior author Lalji Singh,
currently of Banaras Hindu University, in Varanasi, India, and formerly of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. “Thus, the present-day structure of the caste system came into being only relatively recently in Indian history.”*
But once established, the caste system became genetically effective, the researchers observed. Mixture across groups became very rare.“An important consequence of these results is that the high incidence of genetic and population-specific diseases that is characteristic of present-day India is likely to have increased only in the last few thousand years when groups in India started following strict endogamous marriage,” said co–first author Kumarasamy Thangaraj, of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.**
Mohan Rao, Director, CSIR-CCMB said, “CCMB's continuing efforts over a decade on this field had helped in understanding the complexity of Indian population history and social structure, such as caste systems.” This study was funded by the NIH (GM100233); NSF (HOMINID grant 1032255); a UKIERI Major Award (RG-4772); the Network Project (GENESIS: BSC0121) fund from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India; a Bhatnagar Fellowship grant from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of the Government of India; and a J.C. Bose Fellowship from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
தமிழ் வலைப்பூவுலகம்.
இருக்கலாம். சீனர் மஞ்சள் நிறத்தினர்.
தமிழனை எடுத்துக்கொண்டால் எல்லாம் கறுப்பினம் தான்; ஆனால் நான் செட்டி ; அவன் முதலி என்கிறான் அப்படி என்றால் என்ன? இது எங்களுக்குள் உள்ள வேற்றுமை; என்கிறார்கள். நான் கொஞ்சம் "கூட"; அவர் கொஞ்சம் "குறைவு" என்கிறார்கள். You are of the same color, right? என்கிறான் சீனன்.
சில வரலாற்று ஆசிரியர்கள் இவ் வமைப்பைத் தொழிலடிப்படைச் சங்கங்கள் என்றனர்.
இதை இரத்த ஆய்வு செய்தோர், கூறுவது: பல்வேறு குடியினர் ஏறத்தாழ 4000 ஆண்டுகட்கு முன்தொடங்கி சுமார் 1900 ஆண்டுகள் வரை (இவர்கள்) மிச்சம் ஏதும் இல்லாமல் கல கல என்று கலந்துபோனவர்கள். பின்பு இப்போது தொழில் வாரியாகப் பிரிந்துவிட்டார்கள் அவ்வளவுதான் என்கின்றனர். பிரிவினை அண்மையது என்று முடித்தனர்.
Genetics Proves Indian Population Mixture
A new study indicates that population admixture in the pre-caste era occurred, shedding light on our understanding of present-day Indian populations
By DAVID CAMERON
August 8, 2013
Between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, intermarriage in India was rampant. Figure by Thangaraj
KumarasamyBetween 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, intermarriage in India was rampant. Figure by
Thangaraj KumarasamyScientists from Harvard Medical School and the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and
Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, India, provide evidence that modern-day India is the result of
recent population mixture among divergent demographic groups.The findings, published August 8 in the American Journal of Human Genetics, describe how India transformed from a country where mixture between different populations was rampant to one where endogamy—that is, marrying within the local community and a key attribute of the caste system—became the norm. “Only a few thousand years ago, the Indian population structure was vastly different from today,” said co–senior author David Reich, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School. “The caste system has been around for a long time, but not forever.”In 2009, Reich and colleagues published a paper based on an analysis of 25 different Indian population groups. The paper described how all populations in India show evidence of a genetic mixture of two ancestral groups: Ancestral North Indians (ANI), who are related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI), who are primarily from the subcontinent.However, the researchers wanted to glean clearer data as to when in history such admixture occurred. For this, the international research team broadened
their study pool from 25 to 73 Indian groups.The researchers took advantage of the fact that the
genomes of Indian people are a mosaic of chromosomal segments of ANI and ASI descent.
Originally when the ANI and ASI populations mixed, these segments would have been extremely long, extending the entire lengths of chromosomes. However, after mixture these segments would have broken up at one or two places per chromosome, per generation, recombining the maternal and paternal genetic material that occurs during the production of egg and sperm.By measuring the lengths of the segments of ANI and ASI ancestry in Indian genomes, the authors were thus able to obtain precise estimates of the age of population mixture, which they infer varied about 1,900 to 4,200 years, depending on the population analyzed.While the findings show that no groups in India are free of such mixture, the researchers did identify a geographic element. “Groups in the north tend to ave more recent dates and southern groups have older dates,” said co-first author Priya Moorjani, a graduate student in Reich’s lab at Harvard
Medical School. “This is likely because the northern groups have multiple mixtures.” “This genetic datatells us a three-part cultural and historical story,” said Reich, who is also an associate member of the Broad Institute. “Prior to about 4000 years ago there was no mixture. After that, widespread mixture affected almost every group in India, even the most isolated tribal groups. And finally, endogamy set in and froze everything in place.”The fact that every population in India evolved
from randomly mixed populations suggests that social classifications like the caste system are
not likely to have existed in the same way before the mixture,” said co–senior author Lalji Singh,
currently of Banaras Hindu University, in Varanasi, India, and formerly of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. “Thus, the present-day structure of the caste system came into being only relatively recently in Indian history.”*
But once established, the caste system became genetically effective, the researchers observed. Mixture across groups became very rare.“An important consequence of these results is that the high incidence of genetic and population-specific diseases that is characteristic of present-day India is likely to have increased only in the last few thousand years when groups in India started following strict endogamous marriage,” said co–first author Kumarasamy Thangaraj, of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.**
Mohan Rao, Director, CSIR-CCMB said, “CCMB's continuing efforts over a decade on this field had helped in understanding the complexity of Indian population history and social structure, such as caste systems.” This study was funded by the NIH (GM100233); NSF (HOMINID grant 1032255); a UKIERI Major Award (RG-4772); the Network Project (GENESIS: BSC0121) fund from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India; a Bhatnagar Fellowship grant from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of the Government of India; and a J.C. Bose Fellowship from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
All the Paraiyars have Y-chromosome haplogroup, Haplogroup G, specifically Haplogroup G2a3b1 (Y-DNA). This shows the Paraiyar males are Caucasians. This Haplogroup G2a3b1 is also found in 10% of Iyer and 13% o...f Iyengar Brahmins.[13][14] The Aryan Brahmins have Haplogroup R1a & Haplogroup R2.[13][14]
In a note on the Paraiyans of the Trichinopoly district, Mr. F. R. Hemingway writes as follows.[15
All the Paraiyars have Y-chromosome haplogroup, Haplogroup G, specifically Haplogroup G2a3b1 (Y-DNA). This shows the Paraiyar males are Caucasians.
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